Product information and disease description Place of product in therapy Disease description Epidemiology

Prevalence of Open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension

12 evidence topics · 13 sources

Global prevalence: systematic review and meta-analysis with projections to 2040

“The global prevalence of glaucoma for population aged 40-80 years is 3.54% (95% CrI, 2.09-5.82). The prevalence of POAG is highest in Africa (4.20%; 95% CrI, 2.08-7.35), and the prevalence of PACG is highest in Asia (1.09%; 95% CrI, 0.43-2.32). In 2013, the number of people (aged 40-80 years) with glaucoma worldwide was estimated to be 64.3 million, increasing to 76.0 million in 2020 and 111.8 million in 2040.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Global prevalence of open-angle glaucoma: updated meta-analysis with projections to 2060

“Global OAG prevalence (≥40 years) is expected to rise from 2.8% (95% CI, 2.6%-3.0%) in 2024 to 3.5% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.8%) by 2060, with the affected population increasing from 80.5 (95% CI, 75.4-85.6) million to 186.6 (95% CI, 174.3-199.0) million.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

“It was estimated that 52.68 million people in the world had POAG in the year 2020.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Prevalence studies suggest that POAG will increase by 50% worldwide from 52.7 million in 2020 to 79.8 million in 2040 as the population ages” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

United States prevalence in 2022: CDC Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System estimates

“For 2022, an estimated 4.22 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3.46 million to 5.23 million) in the US were living with glaucoma, with a prevalence of 1.62% (UI, 1.33%-2.00%) among people 18 years or older and 2.56% (UI, 2.10%-3.16%) among people 40 years or older. An estimated 1.49 million people (UI, 1.17 million to 1.90 million) were living with vision-affecting glaucoma, with a prevalence of 0.57% (UI, 0.45%-0.73%) among people 18 years or older and 0.91% (UI, 0.71%-1.16%) among people 40 years or older.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Black adults had a prevalence of 3.15% (UI, 2.32%-4.09%) compared with 1.42% (UI, 1.10%-1.85%) among White adults; adults in the Hispanic and all other racial and ethnic categories combined had a prevalence of 1.56% (UI, 1.13%-2.06%).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

United States prevalence: Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries

“From 2017 to 2021, 5.5-6.2% of Medicare FFS beneficiaries were identified with prevalent POAG, with ~1% categorized as incident. A higher proportion of POAG beneficiaries were older and/or Black.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

United States prevalence and undiagnosed disease: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005 to 2008

“The estimated overall prevalence of glaucoma in the US civilian, noninstitutionalized population 40 years of age and older was 2.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7%-2.6%). Glaucoma affected 2.9 million individuals, including 1.4 million women; 1.5 million men; 2.3 million people 60 years of age and older; and 0.9 million blacks, Mexican Americans, and people of other races.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Over half of participants with glaucoma were unaware that they had the disease.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

“Prevalence of undiagnosed glaucoma was 2.9%, increasing with age to 6.6% of the population over 70 years old. Among those with glaucoma, 78% were previously undiagnosed and untreated.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Approximately 2.4 million persons in the US have undetected and untreated glaucoma.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Racial and ethnic differences in prevalence

“Overall, there appears to be a threefold higher prevalence of open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in Black individuals relative to non-Hispanic White individuals in the United States.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Recent evidence suggests that Latino individuals have high prevalence rates of OAG that are comparable to those of Black individuals.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Prevalence of ocular hypertension in the United States

“Using this definition, the prevalence of ocular hypertension in non-Hispanic White individuals who are 40 and older and live in the United States is 4.5% (ranging from 2.7% in persons 43 to 49 years old to 7.7% in those 75 to 79 years old).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“In Latino individuals 40 and older, the overall prevalence is 3.5% (ranging from 1.7% in persons 40 to 49 years old to 7.4% in those 80 and older).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“For example, the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES) showed that 75% of Latino individuals with IOP greater than 21 mmHg were previously undiagnosed.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

“Three to 6 million people in the United States are at increased risk for developing POAG because of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), or ocular hypertension.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Coexisting glaucoma and cataract: prevalence among Medicare cataract surgery patients

“133,896 records of 82,246 CMS FFS claims were included in the analysis. The average patient age was 73.8, and 58.2% were females. The cataract surgery setting was ASC (71.3%) followed by HOPD (27.6%).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The most common comorbidities included diabetes (28.6%), glaucoma (22.1%), and macular degeneration (21.7%).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

“Cataract and glaucoma are leading causes of blindness worldwide, and their co-existence is common in elderly people.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Coexisting glaucoma and cataract: manufacturer estimate of United States cataract surgeries in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension

“There are expected to be approximately five million cataract surgeries in the United States in 2025, which is expected to grow by 3% to 4% per year” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The same report estimates that approximately one million of these surgeries will be performed in patients with glaucoma or OHT.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Patients with glaucoma and cataracts are primarily over the age of 65, making Medicare the primary payor.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Contribution of population aging and rising myopia to the projected increase

“Compared to 2024, the global OAG population in 2060 is projected to increase by 106.2 million (131.9%). Accounting only for the aging and demographic effect, the increase is estimated to be 77.3 million (72.8% of the total increase), with the remaining 28.9 million (27.2%) attributable to the rising prevalence of myopia.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The global prevalence of OAG is projected to rise from 2.8% to 3.5% between 2024 and 2060, with an estimated 193 million cases anticipated by 2060.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Evidence base and stated limitations of the 2060 projection

“After exclusion, 57 studies published between 1991 and 2023 were included and the data were extracted.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“First, we did not stratify by the degree of myopia; instead, we used a single risk ratio for overall myopia, given the dose-response relationship between myopia severity and OAG.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Fourth, the current estimation of OAG prevalence among the 20–39-year age group was highly approximate, as it relied on only 3 studies.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Relative frequency of open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma and differences by sex and ancestry

“Primary open-angle glaucoma, with a global prevalence of about 3·1%, was six times more common than primary angle-closure glaucoma, which had a global prevalence of about 0·5%.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“With respect to primary open-angle glaucoma, men were more likely than women to have this disorder (odds ratio [OR] 1·36), as were people of African ancestry compared with people of European ancestry (OR 2·80)” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)