Product information and disease description Place of product in therapy Disease description Burden of Parkinson's disease

Humanistic burden and health-related quality of life

14 evidence topics · 10 sources

Health-related quality of life of United States veterans with Parkinson's disease compared with other chronic conditions

“Controlling for sociodemographic factors and co-morbidities, veterans with Parkinson's disease had PCS and MCS below veterans with angina/coronary heart disease, arthritis, chronic low back pain, congestive heart failure, diabetes, and stroke.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The unique effect of having Parkinson's disease on HRQoL was to lower PCS and MCS by 4.10 and 3.42 points (0.41 and 0.34 of 1 SD), respectively.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Compared with eight other chronic conditions, Parkinson's disease imposes a relatively heavy burden on US veterans in the VHA health care system.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Determinants of health-related quality of life

“The factor most closely associated with QoL was the presence of depression, but disability, as measured by the Schwab and England scale, postural instability, and cognitive impairment additionally contributed to poor QoL.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Depression, disability, postural instability, and cognitive impairment have the greatest influence on QoL in Parkinson's disease.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Non-motor symptoms and health-related quality of life

“The sample was made up of 411 Parkinson’s disease patients, recruited in 12 movement disorders clinics across 10 countries.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Mean age (±standard deviation) was 64.48 (±9.92) years old, and disease duration was 8.07 (±5.75) years.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Higher scores mean poorer HRQoL.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“For each group, PDQ-39 and EQ-5D means and standard deviations were calculated, and group differences were assessed by the Mann-Whitney test.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The Benjamini-Hochberg test for multiple comparisons was applied.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Nocturia (68.4% of the sample), fatigue (65.9%), and dribbling saliva (56.7%), were the most frequent complaints.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The mean number of non-motor symptoms per patient was 11.80 ± 6.03 (range: 0–29), and there was a high correlation between the number of nonmotor symptoms and PDQ-39 and EQ-5D (Table 4).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“For each NMSS domain, patients with symptoms had significantly worse HRQoL scores than patients without symptoms.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“SCOPA-motor (total, motor examination, and activities of daily living subscales) reached the strongest relationship with the EQ-5D index (rS = from −0.58 to −0.67).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The correlation between NMSS and SCOPA-Motor was 0.43.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“For each NMSS domain, patients with symptoms had significantly worse HRQoL than patients with no symptoms, except for the EQ-5D in the sexual dysfunction domain and the EQ-5D VAS in the urinary domain (Table 5).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The corresponding models accounted for 53% (EQ-5D) and 59% (PDQ-39) of the variance.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“NMSS score had the strongest influence on HRQoL as measured by the PDQ-39, whereas considering EQ5D, both SCOPA-motor examination and NMSS were the strongest predictors and almost equivalent.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“In the models that included the NMSS domains as independent variables, mood/apathy, sleep/fatigue, and miscellaneous domains were the most significant factors for both the PDQ-39 SI and the EQ-5D index, accounting for 50% and 38% of the variance, respectively.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Most of the patient population in the study was on dopaminergic therapy and, therefore, the impact of the motor manifestations may be neutralized by effective antiparkinsonian effect.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The results show that non-motor symptoms have, as a whole, a greater impact on HRQoL than motor symptoms and non-motor symptoms progression contributes importantly to HRQoL decline in patients with Parkinson's disease.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

NMSS domain	With symptoms, n	Without symptoms, n	PDQ-39 SI, with symptoms, mean ± SD	PDQ-39 SI, without symptoms, mean ± SD	PDQ-39 SI, P	EQ-5D index, with symptoms, mean ± SD	EQ-5D index, without symptoms, mean ± SD	EQ-5D index, P	EQ-5D VAS, with symptoms, mean ± SD	EQ-5D VAS, without symptoms, mean ± SD	EQ-5D VAS, P
Cardiovascular	“173”	“238”	“32.45 ± 17.85”	“24.79 ± 15.66”	“<0.0001”	“0.48 ± 0.37”	“0.62 ± 0.32”	“0.0001”	“61.49 ± 21.23”	“65.17 ± 23.01”	“0.05”
Sleep/fatigue	“356”	“54”	“30.11 ± 16.80”	“14.48 ± 11.57”	“<0.0001”	“0.52 ± 0.35”	“0.79 ± 0.20”	“<0.0001”	“61.75 ± 21.77”	“75.74 ± 22.45”	“<0.0001”
Mood/apathy	“310”	“100”	“31.31 ± 16.87”	“17.64 ± 13.01”	“<0.0001”	“0.50 ± 0.35”	“0.74 ± 0.27”	“<0.0001”	“61.66 ± 22.01”	“70.51 ± 21.21”	“0.0002”
Perceptual problems/hallucinations	“123”	“288”	“36.89 ± 17.25”	“24.22 ± 15.47”	“<0.0001”	“0.38 ± 0.39”	“0.63 ± 0.30”	“<0.0001”	“57.15 ± 25.19”	“66.40 ± 20.39”	“0.0004”
Attention/memory	“296”	“115”	“30.65 ± 16.93”	“21.27 ± 15.37”	“<0.0001”	“0.52 ± 0.36”	“0.66 ± 0.30”	“0.0005”	“61.35 ± 22.21”	“69.52 ± 21.58”	“0.0005”
Gastrointestinal	“302”	“109”	“31.02 ± 17.84”	“19.76 ± 10.92”	“<0.0001”	“0.49 ± 0.36”	“0.74 ± 0.23”	“<0.0001”	“61.00 ± 22.48”	“71.04 ± 20.16”	“<0.0001”
Urinary	“338”	“73”	“29.52 ± 17.44”	“21.12 ± 12.97”	“0.0002”	“0.54 ± 0.36”	“0.66 ± 0.28”	“0.001”	“62.82 ± 22.56”	“67.38 ± 20.87”	“0.13”
Sexual dysfunction	“177”	“234”	“29.71 ± 15.97”	“26.75 ± 17.71”	“0.03”	“0.53 ± 0.34”	“0.58 ± 0.35”	“0.09”	“63.17 ± 21.92”	“63.94 ± 22.65”	“0.53”
Miscellaneous	“99”	“312”	“30.38 ± 17.36”	“20.61 ± 13.54”	“<0.0001”	“0.50 ± 0.36”	“0.73 ± 0.25”	“<0.0001”	“61.61 ± 22.32”	“70.02 ± 21.20”	“0.0006”

Multiple linear regression models of PDQ-39 and EQ-5D scores on motor and non-motor symptom measures

Model (dependent variable)	Adjusted R² of the model	Independent variable	Standardized beta	t	Sig.
PDQ-39 SI	“0.59”	Constant (unstandardized value)	“(23.76)”	“5.55”	“0.000”
PDQ-39 SI	“0.59”	NMSS total	“0.52”	“13.64”	“0.000”
PDQ-39 SI	“0.59”	SCOPA-motor complications	“0.20”	“4.81”	“0.000”
PDQ-39 SI	“0.59”	SCOPA-motor examination	“0.17”	“4.15”	“0.000”
EQ-5D index	“0.53”	Constant (unstandardized value)	“(0.83)”	“9.24”	“0.000”
EQ-5D index	“0.53”	SCOPA-motor examination	“−0.38”	“−9.11”	“0.000”
EQ-5D index	“0.53”	NMSS total	“−0.37”	“−8.74”	“0.000”
EQ-5D index	“0.53”	SCOPA-motor complications	“−0.12”	“−2.71”	“0.000”

Non-motor symptom domains and PDQ-39 summary index in a multicenter survey

“Apathy was the symptom associated with worse PDQ-39 score but also presence of fatigue, attention/memory, and psychiatric symptoms had a negative impact on QoL.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Presence of apathy was associated with the worst QoL score (median PDQ-39 SI score = 36.0; IQR: 23.3–47.0) followed by cardiovascular symptoms, fatigue, attention/memory, and respiratory symptoms (Fig. 3).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The greatest difference in PDQ-39 score (present vs. absent NMSd) was recorded in patients presenting apathy followed by fatigue, attention/memory, and psychiatric symptoms (differences ranged from 15.9 points for apathy to 11.8 for psychiatric symptoms; P < 0.0001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Among PDQ-39 dimensions, patients had the best QoL in social support (median = 0; IQR: 12.5) while higher values of PDQ-39 scores (meaning lower QoL) were recorded in emotional wellbeing (median = 31.3) and bodily discomfort (median = 33.3) dimensions scores; for both of them IQR = 16.7–50.0.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Twenty-three percent of patients (N = 246) had missing items in the PDQ-39 questionnaire and were thus excluded from the analyses.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

OFF episodes and health-related quality of life in the United States

“Data from 722 patients were analyzed. Overall, 321 patients (44%) had “OFF” episodes (mean of 2.9 h of daily “OFF” time).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The presence of “OFF” episodes, regardless of the average hours of daily “OFF” time, was significantly associated with high scores (reflecting poor HRQoL) on most PDQ-39 dimensions and the summary index and low scores (reflecting poor health status) on the EQ-5D health utility index, visual analog scale (VAS), and all dimensions.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“In our study, the predictive margin from regression analysis showed a difference of 5.2 in the PDQ-39 summary index between patients who experienced “OFF” episodes and those without “OFF” episodes, suggesting that differences between these groups was clinically important.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Health-related quality of life by hours of daily OFF time

“Linear regression analyses predicted that, for every additional hour of daily “OFF” time, there would be increases of 2.73, 2.60, 2.12, 1.63, 1.04, 2.80, 3.55, and 1.91 on the PDQ-39 mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognitions, communication, and bodily discomfort dimensions, respectively (Additional file 1), together with an increase of 2.30 on the PDQ-39 summary index (Fig. 2).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Linear regression analyses predicted that, for every additional hour of daily “OFF” time, there would be a decrease of 0.02 in the EQ-5D utility index and a decrease of 2.5 in the EQ-5D VAS, indicating deteriorating health status with increasing hours of daily “OFF” time (Fig. 3).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Patient-reported OFF periods in a United States online cohort

“From a population of 6,757 persons with PD, 88% were non-Hispanic Whites (mean age: 66 ± 8.8 years); 52.7% were males versus 47.3% females; mean PD duration was 5.7 ± 5.2; and 51% experienced OFF periods.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The analyses showed that 67% experienced 1–2 episodes/day, 90% experienced >15-minute episodes, and 55% reported slight–mild severity/episode.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Longer PD duration was associated with 1.3% more episodes/day (IRR: 1.013; P<0.001) and 10% higher odds of a severe episode (OR: 1.10; P<0.001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Motor fluctuations and dyskinesia and health-related quality of life in five European countries

“Data were collected cross-sectionally in clinical practice settings via nationally representative samples of specialized physicians (neurologists, plus geriatricians in the UK) and their PD patients between March and July, 2008.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“In total, 817 patients were included in our analyses.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“All multivariable models were adjusted for age, gender, HY stage, disease duration, and country.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“To facilitate the comparison of the regression coefficients (β) across the QoL instruments the EQ-5D IS was rescaled from 0 (poor QoL) to 100 (good QoL).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“For the primary hypotheses, the association of motor complication subtypes with QoL, the global significance level was set at 5% and was adjusted per outcome using a Bonferroni correction. A difference was considered statistically significant if p < 0.025.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“PDQ-39 scores range from 0 to 100. Contrary to the EQ-5D lower values indicate better QoL.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“These analyses were regarded as explorative, and the p-values of the corresponding regression models are presented for descriptive reasons only.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Thirty-three percent of the patients (varying from 23% in Italy to 58% in France) suffered from motor complications, either a single subtype or a combination of different subtypes.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Twenty percent of all patients suffered from a single motor complication, 10.0% from two, 2.3% from three, and 0.5% from all four types of motor complications.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Twenty-eight percent of all patients had off-times.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The mean EQ-5D IS of the total sample was 0.7 (SD 0.2) based on the ratings in the dimensions mobility (33.9% of the patients reported no, 64.8% some,1.2% extreme problems), self-care (55.3% no, 39.9% some, 4.8% extreme problems), usual activities (36.4%, 57.8% some, 5.8% extreme problems), pain/discomfort (45.4% no, 51.1% some, 3.4% extreme problems), and anxiety/depression (54.1% no, 41.6% some, 4.3% extreme problems). The mean PDQ-39 SI was 25.4 (SD 18.5).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“On-off fluctuations were associated with a 7.1 percentage point decrease in the EQ-5D (p < 0.001) and a 3.6 percentage point deterioration in the PDQ-39 (p = 0.01).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“None of the dyskinesia subtypes had a significant effect on the EQ-5D IS or the PDQ-39 SI (Table 2).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Sensitivity analyses considering motor complication severity indicated that compared to patients without on-off fluctuations the detrimental effect of on-off fluctuations was greater in patients with more severe complications (mild: β=−6.0, p < 0.01; moderate: β=−9.0, p < 0.001; severe: β = −3.2, p = 0.58). A linear trend was, however, not confirmed in the trend analysis (p = 0.48). The same was true for the severity of on-off fluctuations and the PDQ-39 SI (mild: β=2.9, p = 0.09; moderate: β = 5.4, p = 0.01; severe: β = 7.7, p = 0.1; test for linear trend p = 0.07).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Dyskinesias were not seen to affect global QoL scores, but had detrimental effects on the PDQ-39 dimensions activities of daily living, cognitions, stigma, and bodily discomfort.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“In subgroup analyses that excluded patients with present symptoms of depression and/or cognitive impairment the results did not notably alter.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“On-off fluctuations were associated with poorer EQ-5D IS (β = −6.4, p = 0.003) and PDQ-39 SI (β = 4.5, p = 0.01) whereas dyskinesias did not impact QoL.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The motor complications observed in our sample were mainly mild or moderate limiting the generalizability of results for patients with more severe motor complications as well as the power of the linear trend tests.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The Adelphi PD Specific Programme is an independent study conducted by the Adelphi group on behalf of Solvay Pharmaceuticals.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Multivariable associations of motor complication subtypes with EQ-5D and PDQ-39 scores, all subtypes and outcomes

Motor complication subtype	Outcome	Regression coefficient (β)	95% CI	p-Value
On-off fluctuations	EQ-5D index score (rescaled 0 to 100; higher scores represent better QoL)	“−7.1”	“−10.6; −3.6”	“<0.001”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 summary index (0 to 100; higher scores represent worse QoL)	“3.6”	“0.7; 6.5”	“0.01”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 mobility	“8.1”	“4.0; 12.2”	“<0.001”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 activities of daily living	“7.3”	“3.2; 11.5”	“<0.001”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 emotional wellbeing	“3.2”	“−0.5; 6.9”	“0.09”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 stigma	“2.5”	“−1.7; 6.7”	“0.23”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 social support	“2.3”	“−1.1; 5.7”	“0.19”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 cognitions	“2.9”	“−0.4; 6.1”	“0.08”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 communication	“2.4”	“−1.0; 5.8”	“0.17”
On-off fluctuations	PDQ-39 bodily discomfort	“2.5”	“−1.3; 6.3”	“0.20”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	EQ-5D index score (rescaled 0 to 100; higher scores represent better QoL)	“−2.9”	“−6.9; 1.2”	“0.17”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 summary index (0 to 100; higher scores represent worse QoL)	“2.4”	“−0.9; 5.7”	“0.16”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 mobility	“3.3”	“−1.3; 8.0”	“0.16”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 activities of daily living	“5.9”	“1.2; 10.7”	“0.01”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 emotional wellbeing	“2.7”	“−1.6; 7.0”	“0.22”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 stigma	“−0.4”	“−5.3; 4.4”	“0.86”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 social support	“0.1”	“−3.8; 4.0”	“0.96”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 cognitions	“4.0”	“0.3; 7.7”	“0.03”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 communication	“3.6”	“−0.3; 7.6”	“0.07”
Peak-dose dyskinesias	PDQ-39 bodily discomfort	“−2.2”	“−6.6; 2.2”	“0.32”
Biphasic dyskinesias	EQ-5D index score (rescaled 0 to 100; higher scores represent better QoL)	“−2.4”	“−10.6; 5.8”	“0.56”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 summary index (0 to 100; higher scores represent worse QoL)	“6.1”	“−0.9; 13.0”	“0.09”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 mobility	“5.4”	“−4.3; 15.1”	“0.28”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 activities of daily living	“4.2”	“−5.4; 13.7”	“0.39”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 emotional wellbeing	“5.9”	“−3.0; 14.7”	“0.19”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 stigma	“12.6”	“2.7; 22.6”	“0.01”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 social support	“2.6”	“−5.4; 10.6”	“0.53”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 cognitions	“0.5”	“−7.2; 8.2”	“0.90”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 communication	“−0.3”	“−8.2; 7.7”	“0.95”
Biphasic dyskinesias	PDQ-39 bodily discomfort	“2.3”	“−6.6; 11.2”	“0.61”
Off-dystonias	EQ-5D index score (rescaled 0 to 100; higher scores represent better QoL)	“−0.02”	“−5.9; 5.8”	“1.00”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 summary index (0 to 100; higher scores represent worse QoL)	“1.6”	“−3.1; 6.4”	“0.51”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 mobility	“1.9”	“−4.9; 8.6”	“0.59”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 activities of daily living	“1.4”	“−5.4; 8.2”	“0.68”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 emotional wellbeing	“3.5”	“−2.7; 9.7”	“0.27”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 stigma	“4.6”	“−2.4; 11.5”	“0.20”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 social support	“0.5”	“−5.1; 6.1”	“0.85”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 cognitions	“−2.9”	“−8.3; 2.5”	“0.29”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 communication	“−0.4”	“−6.2; 5.3”	“0.88”
Off-dystonias	PDQ-39 bodily discomfort	“7.4”	“1.1; 13.8”	“0.02”

Motor complication subtypes and PDQ-39 dimensions

“The impact of motor complications of Parkinson’s disease (PD), especially levodopa-induced dyskinesias, on quality of life (QL) was studied in 143 patients with PD.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Two groups of patients were excluded, those having undergone surgery of the basal ganglia and those having an alteration of cognitive functions (Mini-Mental State Examination score lower than 24).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The range of possible values of each QL dimension is 0 (best QL) to 100 (worst QL), and the PDQ-SI is obtained by adding the dimension scores and reducing the range to 0 to 100.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Motor complications significantly worsened the PDQ-39 Summary Index (PDQ-SI) of patients with PD.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Morning akinesia, end-of-dose fluctuations, and “unpredictable offs” decreased QL on the dimensions of Mobility, Activities of Daily Living, Stigma, and Communication.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Nocturnal akinesia led to a deterioration of all dimensions of the PDQ-39.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“All the motor fluctuations studied significantly worsened the PDQ-SI.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Apart from morning dystonias, all the self-reported LIDs studied (peak dose, diphasic, and off) were significantly related to a higher PDQ-SI, as was the dyskinesia score.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“We were particularly surprised by the impact of nocturnal akinesia, which often faded into the background at the consultation.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Motor complication	Participants with the complication, n	Percentage (of all participants for any fluctuation or any dyskinesia; of participants in that class for each subtype)	PDQ-SI mean, with the complication	PDQ-SI mean, without the complication	PDQ-SI, P (Student's t test)
Any motor fluctuation	“94”	“66”	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Early-morning akinesia	“55”	“58.5”	“40.9”	“33.6”	“0.005”
Nocturnal akinesia	“54”	“57.5”	“44.7”	“31.3”	“<0.0001”
End-of-dose fluctuations	“74”	“78.7”	“41”	“31.6”	“0.0002”
Paradoxical fluctuations	“47”	“50”	“44.2”	“32.6”	“<0.0001”
Unpredictable offs	“34”	“36.2”	“45.5”	“33.5”	“<0.0001”
Any levodopa-induced dyskinesia	“81”	“57”	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
Peak-dose dyskinesia	“59”	“72.8”	“39.8”	“34.4”	“0.0404”
Diphasic dyskinesia	“14”	“17.3”	“46.1”	“35.5”	“0.0127”
Off dyskinesia	“10”	“12.4”	“49.9”	“35.7”	“0.0097”
Morning dystonia	“27”	“33.3”	“40.7”	“35.6”	“<0.1277”

Clinical correlates and multivariable predictors of the PDQ-39 Summary Index, including levodopa dosing frequency

“A two-tailed 5% threshold of significance was retained, and only P values lying below this threshold are reported.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The disease duration led to a significant alteration of the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.46; P < 0.0001), Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.35; P < 0.0001), Stigma (r = +0.27; P = 0.0014), Social Support (r = +0.18; P = 0.03), and Communication (r = +0.35; P < 0.0001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“A degradation of the QL was observed with the duration of dopatherapy, in the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.53; P < 0.0001), Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.44; P < 0.0001), Emotional Well-Being (r = +0.26; P < 0.014), Stigma (r = +0.26; P < 0.013), and Communication (r = +0.41; P < 0.0001) and in the PDQ-SI (r = +0.42; P = 0.0002).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The severity of disease (H&Y) affected the QL in the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.44; P < 0.0001), Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.49; P < 0.0001), and Communication (r = +0.29; P = 0.0005) and in the PDQ-SI (r = +0.37; P < 0.0001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“A higher total Motor score evaluated in an on state according to Part III of the UPDRS led to a degradation of the QL in the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.24; P = 0.0054) and Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.37; P < 0.0001) and in the PDQ-SI (r = +0.24; P = 0.0092).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“A greater daily dosage of L-dopa significantly worsened the QL in the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.33; P = 0.0003), Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.31; P = 0.0007), Emotional Well-Being (r = +0.26; P = 0.0048), Stigma (r = +0.31; P = 0.0004), Social Support (r = +0.20; P = 0.027), and Communication (r = +0.28; P = 0.0019) and in the PDQ-SI (r = +0.42; P < 0.0001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“A larger number of doses of L-dopa was likewise detrimental for the QL in the dimensions Mobility (r = +0.40; P < 0.0001), Activities of Daily Living (r = +0.30; P = 0.0008), Emotional Well-Being (r = +0.26; P = 0.0048), Stigma (r = +0.33; P = 0.0002), Social Support (r = +0.24; P = 0.01), and Communication (r = +0.24; P = 0.007) and in the PDQ-SI (r = +0.42; P < 0.0001).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Inclusion of all factors concerning PD patients (sex and age at PD onset), disease (duration of PD at assessment, H&Y stage, and UPDRS III score), L-dopa treatment (daily dose and number of doses/day) and motor complications (occurrence or not of MF/LIDs and AIMS) in a multivariate linear model showed a contribution of 43% (part of total R-square) to the PDQ-SI.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Among the explanatory variables, the individual contribution determined by partial R-square was 17% for the number of L-dopa doses per day, 10% for the UPDRS III score, 7% for AIMS, and less than 2% for the other variables.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Among clinical characteristics, the number of L-dopa doses was significantly related to age at the onset of PD (r = −0.43; P < 0.0001), disease duration (r = +0.47; P < 0.0001), H&Y stage (r = +0.22; P = 0.012), L-dopa dose (r = +0.83; P < 0.0001), and AIMS (r = +0.47; P = 0.0021) but not to the UPDRS III score.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“It may only mean that there is an information overlap between MF/LIDs and the “complexity” of treatment (number of L-dopa doses), which might be the best indication of a difficult case of PD management and, thus, a poor QL in the patient.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The levels of causality among PD characteristics are somewhat difficult to analyze, because our study did not take into account the chronological sequence of events.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Health-related quality of life in patients meeting the 5-2-1 criteria for advanced disease

“In total, 396 (36%) of 1085 patients with sufficient information met the 5‐2‐1 criteria. Patients meeting the criteria had a significantly lower HRQoL, as measured by PDQ‐8 and EQ‐5D, compared to those not meeting the criteria. Each additional hour spent in off or with dyskinesia was associated with lower HRQoL, where time in off state had the strongest impact.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“The mean difference in HRQoL between 5‐2‐1 positive and 5‐2‐1 negative patients was 15.2 in PDQ‐8 SI and −0.17 in EQ‐5D. The 5‐2‐1 positive patients spent an average of 4.1 hours per day in the off state compared to 0.8 h for the 5‐2‐1 negative patients.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)

Good ON-time and humanistic burden in advanced Parkinson's disease

“Of 802 patients (mean [standard deviation; SD] age, 76.1 [8.9] years; male, 60.3%) included in the analysis, mean (SD) ‘GOT’ was 13.1 (2.7) hours/day.” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)
“Hourly increases in ‘GOT’ were significantly associated with reduced humanistic burden (greater ADL independence, OR 1.19; 95% CI [1.04 1.37]) and improved QoL (for Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire [PDQ]-39: coefficient − 1.49; 95% CI [− 2.46, − 0.52]) and with reduced economic burden, with annual total HRU cost-savings of $8602.24 (95% CI − $12,192.70 to $5011.77).” (opens the source at this quote in a new tab)